National, Guideline Alliance UK. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. 2019.
Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 2017;28:191-213. 10.1007/s00192-016-3123-4
Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay‐Smith EJ. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018(10).
Beer GM, Schuster A, Seifert B et al. The normal widt of the linea alba in nulliparous women. Clinical Anatomy 2009. 22(6):706-711
Lee DG, Hodges PW. Behaviour of the linea alba during a curl-up task in diastasis rectus abdominis: an observational study. JOSPT 2016. 46(7):580-589
Mota PG, Pascoal AG, Carita AI, Bø K. Prevalence and riskfactors of diastasis recti abdominis from late pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, and relationship with lumbo-pelvic pain. Manual Therapy 2015. 20(1):200-205
Moreside, J. M., & McGill, S. M. (2012). Hip joint range of motion improvements using three different interventions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1265-1273.
McBride JM, et al. The effect of heavy- vs. light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 Feb;16(1):75-82.
JB Wasserman et al, Effect of soft tissue mobilization techniques on adhesion-related pain and function in the abdomen: A systematic review, J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019 Apr;23(2):262-269.
JB Wasserman et al, Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques Are Effective in Treating Chronic Pain Following Cesarean Section: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial, Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy, 2018 June
FB Rabello, CD Souza, JAF Júnior, Update on hypertrophic scar treatment, Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2014 Aug
Segal NA, Boyer ER, Teran-Yengle P, Glass NA, Hillstrom HJ, Yack HJ: Pregnancy leads to lasting changes in foot structure. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;92:232Y240.
Ella Pardo et al, Recovery from pelvic floor dysfunction symptoms in the postpartum is associated with the duration of the second stage of labor, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2019 Jul
Guri Rortveit, Yngvild S Hannestad, Association between mode of delivery and pelvic floor dysfunction, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 2014 Oct 14;134(19):1848-52.
DeLancey JO, Kane Low L, Miller JM et al. Graphic integration of causal factors of pelvic floor disorders: an integrated life span model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008
C li, Y Gong, B Wang, The efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int Urogynecol J, DOI 10.1007, 2015
DA Lovejoy et al, Breastfeeding and pelvic floor disorders one to two decades after vaginal delivery, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019
IH Braekken et al, Morphological Changes After Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Measured by 3-Dimensional Ultrasonography A Randomized Controlled Trial, Obstet Gynecol, 2010 Feb;115(2 Pt 1):317-324.
I Shoham, et al, The impact of breastfeeding on pelvic floor recovery from pregnancy and labor, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2020 Aug;251:98-105.
E Kim , H LEE, The Effects of Deep Abdominal Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Respiratory Function and Lumbar Stability J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 25: 663–665, 2013
P.W. Hodges, R. Sapsford, and L.H.M. Pengel, Postural and Respiratory Functions of the Pelvic Floor Muscles, Neurourology and Urodynamics 26:362–371 (2007)
Paul W Hodges 1, A E Martin Eriksson, Debra Shirley, Simon C Gandevia, Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine, J Biomech, 2005 Sep;38(9):1873-80.
Leitner M, Moser H, Eichelberger P, Kuhn A, Radlinger L. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle activity during running in continent and incontinent women: An exploratory study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Aug;36(6):1570-1576. doi: 10.1002/nau.23151. Epub 2016 Oct 29. PMID: 27794169
Hunskaar S, Burgio K, Clark A, Lapitan MC, Nelson R, Sillén U, et al. (2015) Epidemiology of urinary and faecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolaps. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury R, Wein A, editors. Incontinence 3rd International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2005. 255-312.
Dinç A. (2018) Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence During Pregnancy and Associated Risk Factors. Low Urin Tract Symptoms, 10(3), 303-307.
Willard FH, Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Danneels L, Schleip R. The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. J Anat. 2012;221(6):507-536. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x
S. Dufour et al, Establishing Expert-Based Recommendations for the Conservative Management of Pregnancy-Related Diastasis Rectus Abdominis: A Delphi Consensus Study, Section on Women’s Health, American Physical Therapy Association, 2019
LA Werner, Diastasis Recti Abdominis-diagnosis, Risk Factors, Effect on Musculoskeletal Function, Framework for Treatment and Implications for the Pelvic Floor, Current Women’s Health Reviews, 2019, 15, 86-101
LF Aparicio et all, Self-reported symptoms in women with diastasis rectus abdominis: A systematic review, J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 50 (2021)
Sperstad, J. B., Tennfjord, M. K., Hilde, G., Ellström-Engh, M., & Bø, K. (2016). Diastasis recti abdominis during pregnancy and 12 months after childbirth: Prevalence, risk factors and report of lumbopelvic pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1092–1096. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096065
Pregnancy and obstetric related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hage et al. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (AOGS). doi:10.1111/aogs.14027
Risk factors for pelvic girdle pain postpartum pregnancy related low back pain postpartum; a systematic review and meta-analysis Wiezer et al. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 48 (2020) 102154
Helena Frawley et al., An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment, Neurourol Urodyn, . 2021 Jun;40(5):1217-1260. doi: 10.1002/nau.24658. Epub 2021 Apr 12. PMID: 33844342 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24658
Sangsawang B, SangsawangIs N, a 6-week supervised pelvic floor muscle exercise program effective in preventing stress, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016 Feb;197 103 10
Sangsawang B, Serisathien Y. Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on stress urinary incontinence among pregnant women. J Adv Nurs 2012; 68: 1997–2007
Sigurdardottir T, Steingrimsdottir T, Geirsson RT, Halldorsson TI, Aspelund T, B K, Can postpartum pelvic floor muscle training reduce urinary and anal incontinence? An assessorblinded randomized controlled trial American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.011
T Molnar et al, Utilizing Synergism between the Transverse Abdominal and Pelvic Floor Muscles at Different Postures in Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Case-Control Study, Urol Int, DOI: 10.1159/000519590, 2021
Haylen BT et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29:4–20
Petros PE. The pubourethral ligaments--an anatomical and histological study in the live patient. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1998;9(3):154-7. doi: 10.1007/BF02001085. PMID: 9745975.
Shaw JM, Hamad NM, Coleman TJ, Egger MJ, Hsu Y, Hitchcock R, Nygaard IE. Intra-abdominal pressures during activity in women using an intra-vaginal pressure transducer. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(12):1176-85. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.889845. Epub 2014 Feb 28. PMID: 24575741; PMCID: PMC3992988.
Kruger J, Budgett D, Goodman J, Bø K. Can you train the pelvic floor muscles by contracting other related muscles? Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Feb;38(2):677-683. doi: 10.1002/nau.23890. Epub 2018 Dec 28. PMID: 30592502.
LJ Tuttle et al, The Role of the Obturator Internus Muscle in Pelvic Floor Function, Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy: January/April 2016 - Volume 40 - Issue 1 - p 15-19
H Park, D Han, The effect of the correlation between the contraction of the pelvic floor muscles and diaphragmatic motion during breathing, J. Phys. Ther. Sci, 27: 2113–2115, 2015
Risk factors for pelvic girdle pain postpartum pregnancy related low back pain postpartum; a systematic review and meta-analysis Wiezer et al. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 48 (2020) 102154
Pregnancy and obstetric related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hage et al. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (AOGS). doi:10.1111/aogs.14027
RICHTLIJNEN
T Goom, G Donnelly, EBrockwell, Returning to running postnatal – guidelines for medical, health and fitness professionals managing this population, 2019
Oxford University Hospitals NHS, NHS Trust, Antenatal perineal massage Information for women.
BOEKEN
Diastasis Rectus Abdominis, A Clinical Guide for Those Who Are Split Down the Middle. Diane Lee.
Therapeutic Management of Incontinence and Pelvic Pain, Pelvic Organ Disorders, Haslam, J., Laycock, J. (Eds.)
Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor, Bridging Science and Clinical Practice, Kari Bo & Bary Berghmans & Siv Morkved & Marijke Van Kampen
JJ de Morree, Dynamiek van het menselijk bindweefsel, 6e druk
Use of the artwork requires proper credit to be given (Permission: Dr. Joe Muscolino. www.learnmuscles.com). We would greatly appreciate link backs to the Anatomy Encyclopedia on learnmuscles.com